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LETROZOLE FERTILITY :

Both clomiphene citrate and letrozole are medications used to treat infertile women who have an ovulation problem. These medications work by helping your pituitary gland (located at the base of the brain) improve the stimulation of developing follicles (eggs) in the ovaries. Neither clomiphene citrate nor letrozole may help a woman become more fertile if she is already ovulating normally. For that reason, these medications are most often prescribed to those patients who have been found to have an abnormality with their cycle.

Clomiphene is often referred to as the "fertility pill". Letrozole is very similar to clomiphene in the way it works. However, letrozole is quickly cleared from the body. It only works for the cycle in which it is taken and is less likely to adversely affect the uterine lining and cervical mucous. With clomiphene, one may experience effects 6-8 weeks after stopping the medication. Both medications are prescribed for five days each cycle, usually beginning on day three and continuing through day seven. The usual initial dose for clomiphene is 50 mg, one tablet daily. The number of tablets can be increased to as many as four daily, if a lesser dosage does not result in ovulation. Rarely are more than two tablets required. Clomiphene should be repeated each cycle until pregnancy occurs, or your doctor discontinues it. The usual dosage of letrozole is 2.5 mg., one tablet each day.

Of all women treated with clomiphene, or letrozole, 60% to 80% will ovulate normally. However, only half of those patients who ovulate will become pregnant. It is not known why only half of the women who apparently ovulate with clomiphene or letrozole therapy become pregnant. It is suspected that factors other than inadequate ovulation may be contributing to the fertility problem. Therefore, if you are not pregnant after three or four cycles, additional testing such as hysterosalpingogram or laparoscopy may be necessary. If you have polycystic ovary syndrome, a trial of metformin (Glucophage) therapy may be advised.

Some 10% to 20% of women taking clomiphene or letrozole will experience side effects. By far, most of these are minor and temporary in nature. They include such things as hot flashes, blurred vision, nausea, bloating sensation, and headache. Serious side effects are rarely seen with either medication. There are two side effects associated with clomiphene or letrozole therapy that warrant specific discussion. The first is the possibility of multiple pregnancy. The frequency of twins occurring in women who conceive while taking clomiphene or letrozole has been reported to be as high as 10%. Triplets may occur as frequently as 1 in 400 births, and quadruplets in 1 in 800 births.

Neither clomiphene nor letrozole is the "fertility drug" you may have heard in the news bulletins often associated with large numbers of infants, such as quintuplets. Newer studies suggest that long-term use of either clomiphene or letrozole for more than 12 cycles may place you at an increased risk of developing ovarian cancer. Secondly, clomiphene and letrozole have also been associated with the occasional development of ovarian cysts. These cysts are not true growths of the ovary and within a few weeks will resolve without treatment. However, on an extremely rare occasion, these cysts have been known to cause internal bleeding or twist, requiring surgery and removal of the involved ovary. However, I must again emphasize that such a complication is extremely rare.


Selective blockade of prostaglandin E(2) receptor EP2 and EP4 signaling inhibits proliferation of human endometriotic epithelial cells and stromal cells through distinct cell cycle arrest.
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Selective blockade of prostaglandin E(2) receptor EP2 and EP4 signaling inhibits proliferation of human endometriotic epithelial cells and stromal cells through distinct cell cycle arrest.

Fertil Steril. 2010 Mar 5;

Authors: Lee J, Banu SK, Rodriguez R, Starzinski-Powitz A, Arosh JA

OBJECTIVE: To determine interactions between prostaglandin (PG) E(2) signaling and proliferation of endometriotic cells to increase our knowledge about PGE(2) signaling in the pathogenesis of endometriosis in humans. DESIGN: Immortalized human endometriotic epithelial and stromal cells were used as an in vitro model. Effects of inhibition of PGE(2) receptors on proliferation of endometriotic cells and associated cell cycle regulation were determined. SETTING: College Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University. PATIENT(S): Not available. INTERVENTION(S): None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Cell proliferation, cell viability, cell cycle, regulation of cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases, and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. RESULT(S): Selective blockade of EP2/EP4 inhibited proliferation of human endometriotic cells by inducing cell cycle arrest at the G(1)-S and G(2)-M checkpoints in epithelial cells and at the G(2)-M checkpoint in stromal cells. This cell cycle arrest during specific checkpoints was associated with distinct regulation of respective cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases. Inhibition of EP1 did not decrease endometriotic cell proliferation. CONCLUSION(S): For the first time data from the present study provide a direct molecular link between PGE(2) signaling and proliferation of endometriotic cells and suggest that inhibition of EP2/EP4 could be a potential nonestrogen (E) treatment option for endometriosis in women.

PMID: 20207353 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]



Coasting resulting in a sharp decline in serum estradiol does not compromise implantation.
Related Articles

Coasting resulting in a sharp decline in serum estradiol does not compromise implantation.

Fertil Steril. 2010 Mar 5;

Authors: Nicopoullos JD, Abdalla H

PMID: 20207352 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]



Coasting resulting in a sharp decline in serum estradiol does not compromise implantation.
Related Articles

Coasting resulting in a sharp decline in serum estradiol does not compromise implantation.

Fertil Steril. 2010 Mar 5;

Authors: Atabekoğlu CS, Ozmen B, Isbacar S, Aytac R, Sönmezer M

PMID: 20207351 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]



Common genetic variation in MTNR1B is associated with serum testosterone, glucose tolerance, and insulin secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome patients.
Related Articles

Common genetic variation in MTNR1B is associated with serum testosterone, glucose tolerance, and insulin secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome patients.

Fertil Steril. 2010 Mar 5;

Authors: Wang L, Wang Y, Zhang X, Shi J, Wang M, Wei Z, Zhao A, Li B, Zhao X, Xing Q, He L

Melatonin plays an important role in many aspects of the human reproductive process. Our results first strongly suggest that MTNR1B mediating some functions of melatonin contributes to the phenotypic expression of polycystic ovary syndrome, which provide a new insight into the role of MTNR1B gene in the pathophysiology of the disease.

PMID: 20207350 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]



Is infertility a risk factor for female sexual dysfunction? A case-control study.
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Is infertility a risk factor for female sexual dysfunction? A case-control study.

Fertil Steril. 2010 Feb 24;

Authors: Millheiser LS, Helmer AE, Quintero RB, Westphal LM, Milki AA, Lathi RB

OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of infertility on female sexual function. DESIGN: A case-control study. SETTING: Academic infertility and gynecology practices. PATIENT(S): One hundred nineteen women with infertility and 99 healthy female controls without infertility between the ages of 18 and 45 years were included in this study. INTERVENTION(S): Anonymous survey and Female Sexual Function Index. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Female Sexual Function Index scores, frequency of sexual intercourse and masturbation, and sex-life satisfaction. RESULT(S): Twenty-five percent of our control group had Female Sexual Function Index scores that put them at risk for sexual dysfunction (<26.55), whereas 40% of our patients with infertility met this criterion. Compared with the control group, the patients with infertility had significantly lower scores in the desire and arousal domains and lower frequency of intercourse and masturbation. The patients with infertility retrospectively reported a sex-life satisfaction score that was similar to that of the controls before their diagnosis, whereas their current sex-life satisfaction scores were significantly lower than those of the controls. CONCLUSION(S): Women with a diagnosis of infertility were found to be at higher risk for sexual dysfunction on the basis of their Female Sexual Function Index scores compared with women without infertility. The interaction of sexual function and infertility is complex and deserves further study.

PMID: 20206929 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]



Mood disorders and sexual functioning in women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea.
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Mood disorders and sexual functioning in women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea.

Fertil Steril. 2010 Feb 24;

Authors: Dundon CM, Rellini AH, Tonani S, Santamaria V, Nappi R

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the sexual function of women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) and to test the mediating effects of depression and anxiety on the sexual functioning of women with FHA. DESIGN: In this cross-sectional study, participants completed questionnaires on sexual function, depression, and anxiety. SETTING: Tertiary care university hospital. PATIENT(S): Women with (n = 41) and without (n = 39) FHA recruited from a gynecologic endocrinology unit. INTERVENTION(S): None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The McCoy Female Sexuality Questionnaire assessed sexual function, and the Zung Scale measured depression and anxiety. RESULT(S): Women with FHA experienced more sexual function problems and significantly higher depression and anxiety compared to women without menstrual dysfunction. In addition, depression offered a significant explanation for the sexual problems experienced by women with FHA. CONCLUSION(S): The psychologic symptoms that contribute to the onset of FHA partially mediate the relationship between FHA and sexual dysfunction.

PMID: 20206928 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]



Fertility patients' experiences of crossborder reproductive care.
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Fertility patients' experiences of crossborder reproductive care.

Fertil Steril. 2010 Feb 26;

Authors: Blyth E

OBJECTIVE: To obtain pertinent information from individuals who have either experienced crossborder reproductive care, or have considered doing so. DESIGN: International online survey of patients in collaboration with patient support groups in Australia and Canada. RESULT(S): Analysis of data is based on 95 usable responses, of which 28 were from individuals who indicated that they had previously participated in crossborder reproductive care. Key areas investigated in the survey included the reasons for undertaking or considering crossborder reproductive care, the specific reproductive services sought, countries in which reproductive care is sought, and participants' experiences of crossborder reproductive services. This study identified the availability of counseling services and other factors affecting patient experiences as important issues that participants considered should be taken into account by potential users of crossborder reproductive care. The internet and other media were shown to be significant sources of information about reproductive services in other countries. CONCLUSION(S): This study highlights an essential need for accessible, accurate, and reliable information to help ensure safe and high quality care, as well as emphasizing the role that clinics in patients' home countries, feedback from other patients, governments, regulatory agencies, and Internet-based services might play in making this information more readily available.

PMID: 20206927 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]



Calling attention to the use of false "endothelial" cell lines.
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Calling attention to the use of false "endothelial" cell lines.

Fertil Steril. 2010 Mar 4;

Authors: Rojas A, Gonzalez I, Figueroa H

PMID: 20206926 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]



Calling attention to the use of false "endothelial" cell lines.
Related Articles

Calling attention to the use of false "endothelial" cell lines.

Fertil Steril. 2010 Mar 4;

Authors: Vieira CS, Ferriani RA, Torqueti Tolloi MR

PMID: 20206925 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]



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